Unitary, Federalized, or Decentralized?: The Case Study of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta as the Special Autonomous Regions in Indonesia

The professed constitutional unitary state claim has been highly debated.  Some argue that Indonesia shall be a unitary state in name, pursuant to Article 1 Para. III of the Indonesian Constitution, but Constitutional reforms after 1998 when the autocratic President Gen. Soeharto stepped down granted broad authority to local government, leading Indonesia to a quasi-federation situation in practice. On the other hand, some stick to the aforementioned Article, insisting that decentralization embedded in the Constitution Article 18 Para. II is by no means making Indonesia federal.  This article takes the Act No. 13 of 2012 on Special Region of Yogyakarta (the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) granting autonomy to Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta as a case study to argue for the latter, asserting that the case merely exemplifies the decentralization characteristic embedded in the Constitution. This paper first examines the political features of federalism through a historical legal perspective, showing that the current state system in Indonesia is decentralized but not federalized. This paper concludes  that the recognition of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta as an autonomous region is simply a practice of constitutional decentralization. This paper also higlights that with recent political development, echoing that the decentralization theory is not a product of legal interpretation, but a constitutional and political reality

Optimizing Personal Data Protection in Indonesia: Lesson Learned from China, South Korea, and Singapore

Industrial revolution 4.0 offers both opportunities and challenges to all countries, including Indonesia. Personal data protection is necessary to encourage digital innovation. The existing regulation relating to personal data in Indonesia does not give sufficient protection especially with regard to the use of artificial intelligence and therefore is inadequate to encourage digital economic development. This paper aims to explore the importance of strong data protection regulation in Indonesia. This normative legal research employs comparative approach. Comparative study was made upon the development of personal data protection regulation in China, South Korea and Singapore. The study shows that these countries provide good lesson for Indonesia to learn in developing personal data protection regulation

AI in Law: Urgency of the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence on Law Enforcement in Indonesia

Introduction to The Problem: The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has marked the beginning of an age in digital technology, social economics, human needs, and professional conduct. A previous study shows a significant difference in the level of accuracy between Artificial Intelligence (AI) machines and human advocates in which AI machines turned out to be more accurate than advocates. However, the challenges are related to the inadequacy of laws in responding to the development of AI. Furthermore, Indonesian law enforcement officers lack awareness of the advantages of using AI to support their profession.Purpose/Objective Study: Hence, this study aims to analyze the urgency of implementing AI for law enforcement in providing legal services and the law enforcement process.Design/Methodology/Approach: The method used in this research is normative, empirical research with Statute and Conceptual Approach. Furthermore, the data uses primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was obtained through interviews with law enforcement officials. Meanwhile, secondary data sources are primary and secondary legal materials. Furthermore, it will be analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively.Findings: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial in assisting in developing services and law enforcement, especially for Indonesian law enforcement, which still relies on manual or conventional means to carry out its duties. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can bring benefits in terms of time efficiency and accuracy in assessing cases urgently needed by law enforcement. In terms of law enforcement's perception of the use of AI, they are placed as assistants who cannot entirely replace the law enforcement profession since Artificial Intelligence (AI) lacks human traits that law enforcement officers must possess.Paper Type: Research Articl

The Roles of Local Governments in Accommodating the Registration of SME’s Product Trademarks

One of the manifestations of the government's alignment with the protection and development of MSMEs is the issuance of Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UU MSMEs). Protection of MSME products is protection for products consisting of goods and/or services. Every product, both goods and services, has material and immaterial wealth. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), especially trademarks, are immaterial wealth for MSME products that need legal protection. This study aims to analyze the role of the Kebumen district government in accommodating the registration of MSME product brands. This study uses a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach. The legal materials used in this study include primary and secondary legal materials. Primary legal materials are Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications, Regulation of the Regent of Kebumen Number 71 of 2016 concerning Position, Organizational Structure, Duties and Functions, as well as Work Procedures for the Department of Manpower and Cooperatives, MSME (MSME Kebumen Regent Regulation). Secondary legal materials are journaled articles, law books and websites. The results of the study indicate the role of the Kebumen Regency Government in accommodating trademark registration on MSME products in Kebumen Regency through the KUMKM Service and the KUMKM Integrated Business Service Center (PLUT). Activities carried out are in the form of socialization, consulting services, training, and assistance for MSMEs in trademark registration at the DJKI to protect the law and develop MSMEs

AI in Law: How Artificial Intelligence Is Transforming the Legal Profession in Indonesia

The profess on the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has widely transformed a new era in the digital technology, social economic, human need and professional behavior. Eventually, artificial intelligence automates even more aspects of legal profession. Furthermore, AI allows the legal profession to automate lower-level tasks, freeing time to focus on complex analysis and client interaction. The research aims to know the literacy of legal professional on the use of AI. The methods used in this study are normative-empirical legal research. Furthermore, research uses primary data which obtained from questionary survey, secondary data i.e., law, books, journals and other related legal sources for research. Meanwhile, the research will analyze through descriptive qualitatively. The research shows that the literacy level of law enforcers in the use of AI is in the medium category. Data shows that 75% of legal professional shows their positive respond about the implementation of AI in their profession. While other shows, 8% of high percentage and 17% of low percentage

The Dilemma of Fulfilling Informal Sector Workers' Rights in the Indonesian Welfare State Concept

Konsep negara kesejahteraan berkaitan erat dengan pembatasan kemiskinan (poverty threshold) dan standar minimum kesejahteraan masyarakat. Bahkan, jauh sebelum Goodin, Ass Brigss (1961) menyatakan kewajiban negara kesejahteraan yaitu melakukan peningkatan kesejahteraan warganya, yang dimulai dari fase awal (origins) menuju negara berkembang (development) sehingga bermuara kepada welfare state. Dengan demikian, negara kesejahteraan merupakan negara yang menjalankan kekuasaan untuk mencapai tujuan yang bermuara pada terwujudnya kesejahteraan bagi rakyatnya.Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pemenuhan hak atas tenaga kerja sektor informal ditinjau dari konsep welfare state. Penelitian ini adalah terkait bagaimana bentuk pemenuhan hak pekerja sektor informal di Indonesia yang diatur melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan yang disempurnakan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional, Undang-Undang Nomor 24 tahun 2011 tentang Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial. Peneltian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan konseptual digunakan sebagai metode dalam penelitian ini. Data yang digunakan yaitu data sekunder yang memuat bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu studi literatur review yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan yang kemudian lebih lanjut diatur dalam ketentuan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja belum memberikan kesejahteraan yang sepadan terhadap pekerja sektor informal di Indonesia. Hal ini tentu bertentangan dengan ketentuan yang diatur dalam sistem jaminan sosial nasional guna mewujudkan negara yang makmur dan sejahtera dalam hal sosial, sehingga perlu diatur terkait pengaturan hal tersebut.       The concept of a welfare state is closely related to poverty thresholds and minimum standards of public welfare. In fact, long before Goodin, Ass Brigss (1961) stated that the obligation of the welfare state is to improve the welfare of its citizens, which starts from the initial phase (origins) to the developing state (development) so that it leads to the welfare state. Thus, a welfare state is a state that exercises power to achieve goals that lead to the realisation of welfare for its people.The purpose of this research is to analyse the fulfilment of the rights of informal sector workers in terms of the concept of welfare state. This research is related to how the form of fulfilment of the rights of informal sector workers in Indonesia is regulated through Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower which is enhanced by Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation Law Number 40 of 2004 concerning the National Social Security System, Law Number 24 of 2011 concerning the Social Security Provider Agency. Normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach is used as a method in this research. The data used is secondary data containing primary and secondary legal materials. The data collection technique used is a literature review study which is then analysed using a qualitative descriptive method. The results of this research show that the Manpower Law which is then further regulated in the provisions of the Job Creation Law has not provided commensurate welfare to informal sector workers in Indonesia. This is certainly contrary to the provisions stipulated in the national social security system in order to realise a prosperous and socially prosperous country, so it is necessary to regulate this matter

Criminal Liability of People with Mental Disorders: Health Law Perspective

Criminal liability is a mechanism to determine whether or not a suspect may be held responsible for an action. Mental disorders are conditions that prevent someone from having the ability to take responsibility for their actions. The Indonesian Criminal Codes I and II provide a guide on the criminal liability of people with mental disorders. This is normative legal research with a focal point on inventorying written positive laws under legal principles and doctrines to discover the law in a case. The result shows that the judge has full authority to sentence offenders with mental disorders. Otherwise, they have to consider the facts at the trial and ask expert witnesses. We argue that imposing the sanction for perpetrators with mental disorders is not in line with Lex Neminem Cogit Ad Impossibilia, which is embedded in the Indonesian criminal code. Moreover, the judge needs to involve the psychiatrists to manage the suspect with a mental disorder in their decision

Unified but Autonomous: Case Studies of Yogyakarta, Aceh and Papua in Indonesia

[[abstract]]印尼憲法中的單一制宣稱一直以來備受爭議，有以為依照印尼憲法第一條第一項印尼名義上是採單一制，但在1998年蘇哈托政權下台後的憲法改革因已經賦予地方政府廣泛的權限，已使印尼在現實上成為一個準聯邦之型態；另一方面，有以為印尼憲法第18條第2段中去中心化的規定並不會讓印尼成為一個聯邦制的國家。本論文運用三個案例，亦即日惹、亞齊與巴布亞自治區實踐為研究客體，支持後者之論點，主張這三個自治區的承認僅表彰了印尼憲法中去中心化之特徵，而去中心化政策一直以來也被印尼政府策略性地運用。從聯邦制的法制史觀察，可以印證印尼現行制度是去中心制而非聯邦制，而三個個案研究結果也顯示自治區制度的採用僅為去中心化的實踐。本論文發現去中心化如同自治區的承認一般，一直以來都被印尼政府策略性地採用以應付政治危機，而此策略也將在未來必要時被隨時採用為安撫的工具。[[abstract]]The professed constitutional unitary state claim has been highly debated in Indonesia. Some argue that Indonesia is a unitary state in name, pursuant to Article 1 Para. I of the Indonesian Constitution, while Constitutional reforms after 1998 when the autocratic President Gen. Soeharto stepped down granted broad authority to local governments, leading Indonesia to a quasi-federation situation in practice. On the other hand, some insist that decentralization embedded in the Constitution Article 18 Para. II, by no means makes Indonesia federal. This thesis takes three case studies of autonomous regions in Indonesia-- Yogyakarta, Aceh and Papua-- to argue for the latter, asserting that these cases merely exemplifies the decentralization characteristic embedded in the Constitution, even though the decentralization policy has been employed instrumentally in Indonesia. This thesis examines the political features of federalism through a legal historical perspective, showing that the current state system in Indonesia is decentralized but not federal. The case studies of Yogyakarta, Aceh and Papua uphold the fact argued that the recognition of autonomous regions in Indonesia is merely a practice of constitutional decentralization. This thesis concludes with the finding that decentralization as well as the special autonomous region policy has been employed by the central government instrumentally to deal with political crises, and this instrument is expected to be used as handy appeasement again in the future when necessary

Legal Urgency on Designing The Legislation for The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesian Medical Practice

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers the potential for a great improvement in patient care, both in diagnose and disease treatment, and a consequential reduction in healthcare costs, a part of opportunities and challenge are ahead. The use of AI in medicine was significantly developed in some countries. Indonesia as a modern country also has a great change in promoting the use of AI. The study aims to propose on designing the legislation for the use of AI in Indonesian medical practices. The method used in this research is normative juridical approaches with descriptive analysis. The data used are primary legal material namely the Indonesian Penal Code and Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health Law. Meanwhile, the secondary legal material used are books, journals, and other legal documents. The results show that designing the new legislation as the guidance and basis for the use of AI shall give a good impact on the development of health services as practices among other countries. Moreover, Health Act 2009 clearly supported the use of advance technology’s product in medicine. Yet, the application of AI facilitates interpretation follows with high accuracy and speed for medical diagnoses

Comparative Study of Death Penalty Against Crimes of Sexual Violence in Children and Causes of Crimes of Sexual Violence in View of Differential Association Theory

Kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dianggap sebagai kejahatan yang sangat serius di Indonesia, pemerintah memberlakukan hukuman mati bagi pelaku kejahatan semacam itu. Namun, meskipun penerapan hukuman mati, jumlah kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak belum sepenuhnya mengalami penurunan. Oleh karena itu, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kekerasan seksual terhadap anak harus dikaji secara mendalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi perbandingan penerapan hukuman mati di Indonesia dengan negara-negara yang tidak menerapkannya dalam kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dan untuk menemukan faktor-faktor penyebab kejahatan tersebut dengan menggunakan teori asosiasi diferensial. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan perbandingan. Objek penelitian adalah studi perbandingan mengenai hukuman mati terhadap kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dan faktor-faktor penyebab kekerasan seksual yang dilihat dari teori asosiasi diferensial. Sementara itu, data sekunder diperoleh dari buku, jurnal, dan studi kasus hukum. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa hukuman mati untuk kekerasan seksual terhadap anak di Indonesia telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan pelaksanaannya juga telah dilakukan di beberapa negara seperti India dan China. Namun, ada negara-negara seperti Norwegia, Belanda, dan Kanada yang tidak memberlakukan hukuman mati. Adanya kebutuhan akan kepastian hukum terhadap hukuman mati muncul dari peningkatan tindakan kejahatan seksual yang dilakukan terhadap anak-anak.     Sexual violence against children is considered a very serious crime in Indonesia, the government imposes the death penalty for perpetrators of such crimes. However, despite the implementation of the death penalty, the number of cases of sexual violence against children has not fully decreased. Therefore, the factors causing sexual violence against children must be studied in depth. This research aims to explore the comparison of the application of the death penalty in Indonesia with countries that do not apply it in cases of sexual violence against children and to find the factors causing such crimes using the differential association theory. The research method used is normative research with a statute and comparative approach. The object of research is a comparative study of the death penalty for sexual violence against children and the factors causing sexual violence viewed from the differential association theory. While secondary data comes from books, journals, and legal case studies. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods. The findings show that the death penalty for sexual violence against children in Indonesia has been regulated in Law Number 1 of 2023 and its implementation has also been carried out in several countries such as India, and China. However, there are countries such as Norway, the Netherlands, and Canada that did not impose the death penalty. The need for legal certainty toward the death penalty emerges from an increase in sexual offenses committed against minors